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Human Growth hormone is also called somatropin and somatotropin (British: somatotrophin). hGH refers to human growth hormone and is an abbreviation for human HGH measured in the extracts from human pituitary glands. In 1985, biosynthetic human growth hormone replaced pituitary-derived human growth hormone for therapeutic use in the U.S. and elsewhere. Biosynthetic human growth hormone, also referred to as recombinant human growth hormone, is also called somatropin and abbreviated as rhGH. Since the mid-1990s the abbreviation HGH has begun to carry paradoxical connotations, and now rarely refers to real HGH used for indicated purposes. See articles on treatment quackery for fuller discussions of HGH therapy and the HGH issue.
Structure and gene of the human hormone molecule
The genes for human growth are localized in the ion of chromosome 17 and are closely related to human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS, also known as placental lactogen) genes. HGH, human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS), and prolactin (PRL) are a group of homologous hormones with growth-promoting and lactogenic activity.
The major isoform of the human growth hormone is a protein of 191 amino acids and a molecular weight of about 22,000 daltons. The structure includes four helices necessary for functional interaction with the receptor. HGH is structurally and apparently evolutionarily homologous to prolactin and chorionic somatomammotropin. As a result of marked structural similarities between growth hormone from different species only human and primate growth hormones have significant effects in humans.
Secretion of HGH
HGH is secreted into the blood by the somatotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland, in larger amounts than any other pituitary hormone. The transcription factor PIT-1 stimulates both the development of these cells and their production of HGH. Failure of development of these cells, as well as destruction of the anterior pituitary gland, results in HGH deficiency.
Peptides released by neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus into the portal venous blood surrounding the pituitary are the major controllers of HGH secretion by the somatotropes. Human Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) from the arcuate nucleus and ghrelin promote HGH secretion, and somatostatin from the periventricular nucleus inhibits it. HGH secretion is also affected by negative feedback from circulating concentrations of HGH and IGF-1.
Although the balance of these stimulating and inhibiting peptides determines release, this balance is affected by many physiological stimulators and inhibitors of HGH secretion. Stimulators of HGH secretion include (among others) J B B , exercise, hypoglycemia, dietary protein, and estradiol. Inhibitors of HGH secretion include dietary carbohydrate and glucocorticoids.
Most of the physiologically important occurs as several large pulses or peaks of release each day. Th plasma concentration of HGH during these peaks may range from 5 to 30 ng/mL or more. Peaks typically last from 10 to 30 minutes before returning to basal levels. The largest and most predictable of these HGH peaks occurs about an hour after onset of sleep. Otherwise there is wide variation between days and individuals. Between the peaks, basal levels are low, usually less than 3 ng/mL for most of the day and night.
The amount and pattern of HGH secretion change throughout life. Basal levels are highest in early childhood. The amplitude and frequency of peaks is greatest during the pubertal growth spurt. Healthy children and adolescents average about 8 peaks per 24 hours. Adults average about 5 peaks. Basal levels and the frequency and amplitude of peaks decline throughout adult life.
Several molecular forms . Much off the growth hormone in the circulation is bound to a protein (growth hormone binding protein, GHBP) which is derived from the growth hormone receptor.

Functions of HGH
Effects of growth hormone on the tissues of the body can generally be described as anabolic (building up-). Like most other protein hormones HGH acts by interacting with a specific receptor on the surface of cells.
Height growth in childhood is the best known effect of action ,, and appears to be stimulated by at least two mechanisms. 1. HGH directly stimulates division and multiplication of chondrocytes of cartilage. These are the primary cells in the growing ends (epiphyses) of children's long bones (arms, legs, digits). 2. HGH also stimulates production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1, formerly known as somatomedin C), a hormone homologous to proinsulin. The liver is a major target organ of HGH for this process, and is the principal site of IGF-1 production. IGF-1 has growth-stimulating effects on a wide variety of tissues. Additional IGF-1 is generated within target tissues, making it apparently both an endocrine and an autocrine/paracrine hormone.
Although height growth is the best known effect , it serves many other metabolic functions as well. HGH increases calcium retention, and strengthens and increases the mineralization of bone. It increases muscle mass through the creation of new muscle cells (which differs from hypertrophy), and it also increases promotes lipolysis, which results in the reduction of adipose tissue (body fat). As well, it increases protein synthesis and stimulates the growth of all internal organs excluding the brain. plays a role in fuel homeostasis. HGH reduces liver uptake of glucose, an effect that opposes that of insulin.also contributes to the maintenance and function of pancreatic islets. HGH stimulates the immune system.

Human Growth hormone deficiency (GHD)
Deficiency of HGH produces significantly different problems at various ages., In children, growth failure and short stature are the major manifestations of deficiency. In adults the effects of deficiency are more subtle, and may include deficiencies of strength, energy, and bone mass, as well as increased cardiovascular risk.
There are many causes of HGH deficiency, including mutations of specific genes, congenital malformations involving the hypothalamus and/or pituitary gland, and damage to the pituitary from injury, surgery or disease.
Diagnosis of deficiency involves a multiple step diagnostic process, usually culminating in stimulation test(s) to see if the patients pituitary gland will release a pulse of HGH when provoked by various stimuli.
HGH deficiency is treated by replacing hormones. in current use is a biosynthetic version of human hormone, manufactured by recombinant DNA technology. As is a large protein molecule, it must be injected into subcutaneous tissue (or muscle) to get it into the blood. When the patient has had a long-standing deficiency of HGH, benefits of treatment are often dramatic and gratifying and side effects of treatment are rare. Increased growth in childhood can result in dramatically improved adult height.
HGH is used as replacement therapy in adults deficiency of either childhood-onset ( after completing growth phase ) or adult--onset (usually as a result of an acquired pituitary tumor). In these patients, benefits have variably included reduced fat mass, increased lean mass, increased bone density, improved lipid profile, reduced cardiovascular risk factors, and improved psychosocial well-being.

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